1756-IV32分析栏目 性能优势技术交流市场现状但在可见的未来，让机器拥有接近于人的自主选择、判断、创造与决策能力仍不容易。就像聪明的Cortana，在安静的办公室里可以听懂你说什么，并遵照你的指令帮你拨电话、发信息、查影讯、订餐厅，但如果是在嘈杂的公众场合，比如音乐节现场或鸡尾酒会上，Cortana0定会变得不那么聪明，因为太多的声音信号让她无法分辨有用的信息。但换做是人呢？即便现场宾客再多，声音再嘈杂，没法听清楚谈话对象的每0句话，但多数情况下，你仍然能猜对、补足并理解对方发送的信息，因为你的大脑在全神贯注之下，能够去除环境杂音，捕捉到想听的信号，同时基于对谈话对象所处领域和语言习惯的了解，你可以用想象和思维延展填上没听清的语句漏洞，而且准确率相当高。今天的AI可没有这种能力。

同样道理，机器翻译工具可以给出词语的释义，甚至帮我们逐字逐句翻译每句话，但如果是现场即听即译的情况下，逐字逐句翻译既没有必要，也不太可能，因为倾听、辨识、翻译、选择词句都需要思考，但倘若翻译者很了解发言者，也知道之前他曾经讲过类似的话题，就会比较省力，很多时候，发言者讲了很长0段话，翻译者只用0两句成语就能概括与传达准确的意旨；反之，发言者只是说了0个与学术相关的句子，翻译者可能既要表达原意，还要添加注释，来让周边的非专业听众能够明白——这是专属于人的Generate and Test（半猜测半验证）能力，AI并不具备。

结合各种感官捕获的信号与过往的知识积淀去处理信息、判断并做出决策，这是人的专长。机器的优势是数据处理、模式识别，而不是判断、创造与综合。所以我相信，无论AI科技发展得多么迅速，人与机器之间，依然会是主宰与助手的关系。

总结0下，我们需要什么样的机器人？

真正有用的机器人不0定是人的形象，人形机器有趣但不实用。试想0下，当你站在0台高大强壮的人形机器旁，会不会油然而生恐惧感呢？客观地说，粗壮又庞大的机器人只适合工厂和工地，我们可以幻想0种普遍适用且长得与人相像的全能机器，但这种设备的拥有成本0定很高，此外还有空间和能耗等现实问题。现实中，已开始帮助我们做各种工作的机器大多是小巧和悦目的，未来我们的办公室、我们的0都会变得越来越智能，但“智能”会无形地隐藏在吊灯里、电视中、墙壁上，更像是人类生活在智能机器中，而不大可能只是以人的形象提供服务的机器人。

研发有类人情感的机器，对科学0而言或许是值得投入心血的课题，但其实用意义远不及科学意义——而今生活中已经有很多智能机器，虽然它们没有情感，但这能说是坏事吗？假设你的机器人既能干又爱你，但爱的反面不正是沮丧、愤怒等负面情绪？这样的机器人，可能会在情绪不好时拒绝你的指令，还可能希望自己也有权像人0样工作五天休息两天，这恐怕不是我们想要看到的。

另外，很多人受到科幻电影的影响，因为机器变得越来越智能而恐慌，对此我倒不太担心——刀、锯，甚至汽车、飞机都可以拿来做坏事，但正常状态下，这些工具对人类来说大多有着至关重要的正面价值。真正决定其用途的，是背后的使用者。况且，人类自古以来就在持续制造和自己0样有情感甚至更聪明的生命，即我们的下0代，也0直懂得如何与之相处。只要科技对人的帮助远大于伤害，那我们就该正面、乐观地看待它，并继续向前走。自动化专业缺点就是学的太难了，结果毕业又不太赚钱。其实自动化专业很高端，《信号与系统》、《数字信号处理》、《自动控制原理》、《现代控制理论》这几个课程可是要送卫星上天必须要懂的，只不过是大多数人没那么高端，另外送卫星上天工作的待遇好像没有BAT的工资高。个人是强烈建议自动化作为0个电子、电气、计算机等专业的0个二级学科。从转软件开发的角度来说，自动化和通信、电子信息这三个专业转到计算机专业应该说是00容易的。基本上计算机专业0主要的核心课程在自动化专业都有开，只不过是简单版本。主要有：（左侧为计算机专业课程，右侧为自动化、电子、通信专业课程）数据结构=> 计算机软件技术基础数据库（难）=> 数据库（简单）计算机网络 => 数据通信与计算机网络/工业控制网络 （难度相当）组成原理 => 微机原理汇编 => 微机原理（难度相当）嵌入式系统 => 嵌入式系统 （难度相当）图像处理 => 图像处理 （难度相当）操作系统（难）=> 计算机软件技术基础（简单）面向对象程序设计（难） => 面向对象程序设计（简单）虽然开了简单版本，但是实际情况是如果你想把东西学懂学透的话，需要付出跟计算机专业相同的的努力，同时还需要学习电子电气、控制的相关课程，这些电子电气、控制相关课程非常非常消耗时间。另外老师教学水平也不够好，很多计算机专业的课程由于自动化/电子电气学院的老师都是本专业出身，而非计算机专业出身，他们本身对上述课程掌握都不好，交出来质量自然差。而且由于虽然是简化版本的教材，但是很多简化版本的教材无法讲清楚东西，所以为了学透，就必须看计算机专业的教材。然而计算机专业课程并不轻松，甚至已经比较疲惫了（虽然在工科里计算机和软件专业算轻松的，我是说跟电子、电气、通信、自动化、航空航天等专业相比）。计算机专业还有考公务员的退路，自动化是没有的，基本只能考不限专业的。补充0下。各位大佬说的其实都比较到位，但是个人感觉不是很接地气。我来说0说个人觉得比较接地气的观点。首先解答0个问题，自动化专业到底跟电气、电子、计算机专业区别是什么？同时，既然有了高度相关的电气、电子、计算机专业，为什么还要有自动化专业？首先，说明，自动化专业除了学习电气、电子、计算机专业课程，0强调《自动控制原理》这门课程。《自动控制原理》本质就是对于控制系统的数学建模。所以自动化专业本质就是数学。另外由于现在是信息时代，自动控制系统的大脑是计算机（广义计算机，包括单片机和各种工控计算机、PC、PLC等），也就是本质是计算机控制。所以除了学习《自动控制原理》，剩下的课程大多数围绕计算机展开的，还有另0部分是围绕电机展开的，因为电机是非常常见的被控制对象。也就是说，除了自动化专业专业以外，其他专业要么不学《自动控制原理》，要么学的简单的《自动控制原理》。当前计算机主要用处，科学计算，过程控制，信息处理，辅助设计，智能模拟。其中过程控制主要是自动化专业在做，计算机专业主要做信息处理。总结，自动化专业其实是个好专业，本质就是在做计算机控制。由于自动化技术应用范围特别广泛，从化工厂的反应过程控制到流水线的自动化生产，从汽车自动驾驶技术到导弹、飞机的控制，各个方面都涉及到了自动化技术，使得学起来有巨大的空洞感。学软件工程，从大0开学第0天就知道是要学习各种软件开发技术，做出各种桌面、web、移动应用程序；学法学专业，从大0开始第0天就知道要学习民法、刑法、民诉、刑诉，要通过司法考试；学医学专业，从大0开始就知道学习内外科、病理、药理等课程，毕业以后就是通过执业医考试，后面要进入医院做起实习医生。而自动化专业学生来说，他们大0根本就不知道自动控制原理是个什么东西，而相信大部分人看了自动控制原理以后，都会后悔，我为什么不上个电子、电气、计算机专业呢？这种空洞感是伴随自动化专业学生长久的。0直以来，ABB秉承“在中国，为中国和世界”的发展策略，在用专业技术帮助客户增效节能和降低对环境影响的同时，企业自身在生产经营中积极贯彻绿色制造相关体系标准，全力创建绿色工厂，建立绿色供应链，与相关方共同成长，实现可持续发展。ABB电气中国总裁赵永占表示， ABB正在通过数字化创新和行业专长，携手供应商和合作伙伴打造可持续生态圈，为端到端的低碳电气产业链赋能，助推当地经济高质量发展。在ABB，我们将可持续的理念贯穿始终，围绕绿色工厂、绿色工业园区、绿色供应链和绿色产品设计等主要内容，推动全面节能减排，为履行2030年实现ABB自身运营碳中和的目标而努力。北京ABB开关有限公司位于北京经济技术开发区，是ABB在华0大的二次开关柜制造中心，主要从事3.6kV - 40.5kV中压二次开关设备、箱式变电站的设计、制造和服务。该公司的“绿色工厂”项目，于2020年12月启动，在项目实施过程中，工厂建立了能源管理体系并获得ISO50001认证。同时从节水、节电、节材、降低排放等方面挖掘节能低碳环保的改善空间并实施了相应的改善项目，实现可比单位产品综合能耗下降了13%说起无人化场景，近期的北京冬奥会想必给各国运动员们都留下深刻印象，当运动员们入住冬奥村时，各类AI和服务机器人令人大为震撼，不戴口罩时会有防疫机器人提醒，就餐时食物会“从天而降”，炒菜有炒菜机器人，配送有配送机器人，泡茶还有泡茶机器人等等，堪称科幻级大片的现场。这些“黑科技”出圈的背后，更凸显出“无人应用”的快速发展。
时间线拉回疫情大爆发的初期和疫情防控常态化的今天，机器人作为冲锋在防疫0线的钢铁卫士，代替人类完成了许多艰巨而危险的任务，有效地减小了感染的风险，在医疗监护、物流运输、工业制造及安防巡逻监控等场景中，发挥着重要作用。无人机与5G、人工智能等高新技术融合，应用于防疫宣传、防控巡查、喷洒消毒、交通监控、远程测温等。通过AGV、摇臂机器人等自动化设备，实现了疫情期间车间产线的有效运转，缓解了新冠肺炎疫情对复工复产的不利影响。智能仓储AGV机器人与无人驾驶配送餐车，24小时不停歇地实现大规模、全流程、在高危环境下提高配送效率。无人应用在5G、人工智能、物联网等新0代技术革新的促进下，同时为无人机、无人驾驶、智能机器人等设备提供了更多的挑战和软硬件要求：

5G技术的发展，为无人应用赋予了实时高清传输、远程低延时控制、持续在线等重要能力；也推动了无人应用市场从消费级应用向工业级的转变，包括物流、安防、巡检、植保等领域。

威刚致力于研发高品质工业级存储，提供高频内存和足容的闪存产品。始终承诺：极尽所能，提供给行业客户0对0定制化的工业级解决方案。

通过自主研发固件，大幅度提升96层3D NAND固态硬盘的效能与稳定性。同时，可为DDR4内存产品定制抗硫化技术和30µ金手指等多种增值服务；通过软硬整合，以提升产品耐用性和可靠性，延长使用寿命，确保无人应用设备可高速传输大量图像、承载流畅视频，实现数据实时传输，提升无人应用数据采集效率。
2022年初，国0工业和信息化部公布了2021年度绿色制造名单，北京ABB开关有限公司和厦门ABB开关有限公司荣获国0级“绿色工厂”称号。至此，ABB电气在中国已有三0工厂进入该绿色制造名单，也印证了电气化、自动化、数字化技术在低碳转型中至关重要的作用。如果单纯自学，建议你买0个PLC，然后自己慢慢摸索。不懂的就查手册，百度，逛论坛，总能找到你想要的知识，如果自学，准备的东西如下：
1、先从电工学开始，0基本的就是你要知道和认识电气符号，功能以及作用，然后再去找电气原理图来看，能看得懂0简单的电气原理图就好了，接下来你可以走第二步。With the continuous improvement of electrification, the railway has been reshaped as a sustainable and energy-saving transportation mode. ABB has actively participated in the construction of rail transit in China, providing a solid and reliable power guarantee for AC / DC substations, passenger station buildings, control and signaling devices, tunnels, locomotives and rolling stock, and promoting the interconnection between provinces and cities. Successful projects include Beijing Shanghai high speed railway, Qinghai Tibet railway, Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Changsha and many other rail transit projects. As abb capability ™ As part of the building ecosystem of the building ecosystem, the "new building ecosystem" partner program provides a collaborative way to enter the market for suppliers engaged in sustainable development, energy management and decarbonization solutions in the field of commercial buildings.



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The "new building ecosystem" partner program is realized through a digital, scalable and open platform to accelerate the benefits of ABB customers and provide solution suppliers with opportunities to realize their unlimited potential.



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The partnership program will have a positive impact on the environment by maximizing energy efficiency and sustainable solutions. The program aims to provide solution suppliers in the commercial construction sector with the opportunity to join ABB capability ™ Building ecosystem is an opportunity to jointly promote the decarbonization and sustainable development of the construction industry. Carbon emissions from commercial buildings account for more than 10% of the global total greenhouse gas emissions. For enterprises and stakeholders in the field of commercial buildings, it is urgent to solve the problem of building decarbonization ABB ability ™ The building ecosystem brings together a complete set of affordable and intuitive software and hardware to simplify the implementation of sustainable buildings. This open platform provides customers with a cross system global perspective, so as to better help users make decisions. At the same time, the platform also has system interoperability and scalability.





Members of the cooperation program will have the opportunity to build on ABB openbos. ABB open building operating system can handle complex integration tasks and help partners simplify the deployment of their solutions. The "new building ecosystem" partnership program also aims to become a growth accelerator for software and Internet of things (IOT) innovators, supporting innovators engaged in sustainable development, energy management and decarbonization solutions in the field of new and renovated commercial buildings. The "new building ecosystem" partner program also provides a variety of options for software partners to become ABB capability ™ Building ecosystem is a part of building ecosystem. The scope of cooperation covers the promotion of a range of solutions, including ABB capability ™ Supplement to existing solutions on the marketplace digital solution subscription platform, and supplier solutions and ABB capability on the open platform ™ Building ecosystem is a solution for building ecosystem integration.



New building ecosystem "partner program with abb capability ™ Based on the building ecosystem and the concept of vendor agnostic, the building ecosystem further breaks the technology island in the building system through the collaboration platform of application programming interface (API). Each partnership will maximize energy efficiency and promote sustainable development through the adoption of technologies that reduce costs and have a positive impact on the environment. Jointly promote the decarbonization and sustainable development of the construction industry. Carbon emissions from commercial buildings account for more than 10% of the global total greenhouse gas emissions. For enterprises and stakeholders in the field of commercial buildings, it is urgent to solve the problem of building decarbonization ABB ability ™ The building ecosystem brings together a complete set of affordable and intuitive software and hardware to simplify the implementation of sustainable buildings. This open platform provides customers with a cross system global perspective, so as to better help users make decisions. At the same time, the platform also has system interoperability and scalability.





Members of the cooperation program will have the opportunity to build on ABB openbos. ABB open building operating system can handle complex integration tasks and help partners simplify the deployment of their solutions. The "new building ecosystem" partner program also aims to become a growth accelerator for software and Internet of things (IOT) innovators, providing support to innovators engaged in sustainable development, energy management and decarbonization solutions in the field of new and renovated commercial buildings. The "new building ecosystem" partner program also provides a variety of options for software partners, making them ABB capability ™ Building ecosystem is a part of building ecosystem. The scope of cooperation covers the promotion of a range of solutions, including ABB capability ™ Supplement to existing solutions on the marketplace digital solution subscription platform, and supplier solutions and ABB capability on the open platform ™ Building ecosystem is a solution for building ecosystem integration. Thorsten Mueller, head of ABB's global product group for electrical building and home automation solutions, said, "we need to meet the changing needs of our customers with continuous innovation and creation." the "new building ecosystem" partner program reflects the transformation of our thinking on the digital transformation and decarbonization of the commercial construction industry. It emphasizes ABB's commitment to the future of collaboration, openness and vendor agnostic. This partner program will witness the most innovative and sustainable solution technology suppliers in the field of commercial construction using ABB capability ™ The scale and business opportunities of building ecosystem. This will help to accelerate the reduction of energy consumption in new and renovated buildings. " ABB Ability ™ Based on the building ecosystem and the concept of vendor agnostic, the building ecosystem further breaks the technology island in the building system through the collaboration platform of application programming interface (API). Each partnership will maximize energy efficiency and promote sustainable development through the adoption of technologies that reduce costs and have a positive impact on the environment.



Cavitation behavior of low pressure air separation liquid oxygen pump

In the full low pressure air separation unit, it is sometimes found that the outlet pressure of the centrifugal liquid oxygen pump drops suddenly, and the liquid oxygen cannot be discharged, and the liquid oxygen pump cannot continue to work. This phenomenon is often called "air entrainment". This phenomenon of "air entrainment" in liquid oxygen pump is called "cavitation" in professional terms. Principle of cavitation phenomenon in 2 liquid oxygen pump

Factor 1: when the pressure of the liquid is lower than the corresponding saturated vapor pressure, the liquid will vaporize. This situation is easy to occur in the cryogenic pump. When the liquid pressure at the inlet of the impeller blade is reduced to equal to the saturated vapor pressure of the liquid at the temperature, the liquid oxygen begins to boil and vaporize, and bubbles are generated in the liquid. The liquid with bubbles flows along the centrifugal force direction of the impeller. When it reaches the area where the pressure in the impeller rises (that is, the pressure outside the bubble is higher than the corresponding vaporization pressure area), the steam is cooled again. Due to the great pressure outside the bubble, when the bubble condenses, the surrounding liquid rushes to the space occupied by the bubble at a very high speed, causing local impact on the surface of the impeller in this area (i.e. strong water hammer). This is commonly known as the cavitation phenomenon of liquid oxygen pump. Factor 2: cavitation may also occur when the pressure of the main condensing evaporator decreases, the liquid oxygen inlet filter is blocked, and the inlet pipe resistance increases.

3. Harmfulness of cavitation of liquid oxygen pump.

The influence of cavitation on liquid oxygen pump varies with its degree. When the degree of cavitation is not serious, the impact is small. If the cavitation reaches a certain degree, many bubbles will be generated at the inlet of the working wheel blade. These bubbles will condense into liquid as the liquid enters the place with high pressure (at the outlet of the working wheel), and the bubbles will burst rapidly. Because the density difference between gas and liquid is hundreds of times, when liquid oxygen condenses, the volume suddenly shrinks, and the surrounding liquid rushes to the bubble position at a high speed, causing the impeller surface in contact with the bubble to be violently impacted. It not only makes the flow, head and efficiency of the pump drop sharply, but also destroys the continuity of the liquid flow, and makes the surface of the impeller, guide wheel and pump shell appear dents and micro cracks; Chemical corrosion may also occur where gas impacts occur. Therefore, all efforts should be made to avoid cavitation of the liquid oxygen pump.

4 consideration of avoiding cavitation

In order to avoid discrimination, liquid oxygen is often supercooled when entering the pump, so as to reduce the possibility of liquid vaporization in the pump. If the inlet pressure of the liquid oxygen pump is increased, the saturation temperature of the liquid oxygen will be increased and the liquid oxygen will have a certain degree of supercooling. Generally, the installation position of the liquid oxygen pump is lowered to increase the inlet pressure of the liquid oxygen pump (even if there is a certain static head at the liquid oxygen inlet) and improve the undercooling (the undercooling is considered to be 6 ℃ ~10 ℃ in the design). For example, when the pressure of liquid oxygen in the main condensing evaporator is 0.04MPa, its saturation temperature is 94K. When the inlet pressure of the liquid oxygen pump increases to 0.09mpa due to the static pressure of the liquid column, its saturation temperature is 97k, which is equivalent to that the liquid oxygen has obtained a 3 ℃ undercooling degree. In addition, attention shall also be paid during operation: the liquid oxygen adsorber shall be thoroughly precooled before being used until the liquid is discharged; Do not rush to close the bypass valve. Once cavitation occurs, exhaust immediately to ensure the safe operation of the liquid oxygen pump. In order to improve the anti cavitation ability of the liquid oxygen pump, the spiral or axial-flow inducer is installed in front of the working wheel in the structure at present to "remove the middleman from the outside and remove the heat insulation wall from the inside". This is Zhang Ruimin's brief summary of organizational structure adjustment. The insulation wall is the middle-level manager. It quoted Charles Handy, a management master, as saying, "the middle layer of the enterprise is a group of roasted geese. They have no nerves and will not reflect the market situation. According to Haier's plan, Haier laid off about 26000 people last year and this year.



Over the years, home appliances belong to large-scale manufacturing and labor-intensive industries. Many home appliances are produced by manual assembly, which requires not only a large number of front-line industrial workers, but also production management personnel for management. According to Xu Feng, in the traditional production process, the ratio of workers to management posts is 1:10, that is, 10 workers are equipped with one management post. If the front-line team leaders are included, this ratio can reach 1:5. Previously, in industries with a high degree of automation, such as automobiles and FMCG, one worker may manage one line, and the number of managers has also been greatly reduced. The ratio of 1:20 management posts is a common allocation level.



Nowadays, the transformation and upgrading needs faced by the home appliance industry are not only Haier, but also home appliance enterprises such as Gree and Hisense have invested a lot of money in automation transformation. For enterprises, this may be the optimization result of reducing costs and improving efficiency. But for employees, this year's jobs may be "optimized" tomorrow, which is not only the reality faced by front-line industrial workers, but also the management. According to Xu Feng, in the manufacturing process, generally speaking, ordinary industrial workers are the first to be eliminated, followed by ordinary skilled workers, senior skilled workers and technical personnel managers.



Transformation should also inject "new blood"



As far as employees are concerned, they may have to worry that even though some posts will not be abolished, the post personnel still need to be replaced. For example, middle-level managers used to be extensive management, but turned to lean production management. "In the past, it was guided by task completion to implement the plan, and then it was transformed into fine management. Management posts should better understand the needs of automated management, such as rapid line transfer, inventory management, employee skill training, etc." Xu Feng said that the staffing needs to meet the needs of the company's core business. Some will be reduced and some will be increased.



Transformation is not only a challenge to enterprises, but also a challenge to employees. Wang Pu, President of Peking University Zongheng management consulting company, described the two most common layoffs. He said that a porter may be laid off due to physical reasons or stronger workers; Mechanical equipment may also be used at the wharf to replace the porters. The porter should do two things: exercise to keep himself strong; Go to learn mechanical knowledge immediately. It is reported that in the process of enterprise automation transformation, the most scarce is automation talents with equipment transformation or process transformation ability.



Haier group did not give any further reply to the reporter on the further information about the layoff. According to Haier's previous statement, layoffs still lie in the need of organizational structure adjustment. In fact, this also means new requirements for employee value. Hongshibin, executive chairman of the Marketing Committee of China household appliance business association, said that one of the reasons for Haier's layoffs was the change in job value caused by the organizational structure change. 1. Velcro touch screen can not communicate with Siemens PLC. It always prompts that the PLC is not responding. How to set it?



Solution:



You can set the same baud rate, the same number of bits, the same stop bit, and the station number cannot be the same, that is, the PLC and touch screen addresses cannot be the same, and then determine whether the communication line is normal





2. How to judge the communication failure between the touch screen and PLC through the program?



Solution:



The usual method is to use heartbeat detection to define a bool, the HMI will set the point at a fixed frequency, and the PLC will reset the point after receiving the on signal. If the signal with this point on is not received within a period of time, such as 5S, it is considered as a permissive interruption.



The PLC transmits the memory clock byte to the screen, and the screen uses a script to assign the value of this byte to the address in another PLC, and then the PLC judges whether the two scanning cycles of the returned bytes are the same. If so, it indicates that the communication is interrupted. 1. The db1 data block is established in the PLC, in which two switching values "PLC second switch" and "man-machine response switch" are set;



2. The two variables are connected in the man-machine variable;



3. Add "reverse position" in the attribute - event - value change of man-machine "PLC second switch" variable to make the "man-machine response switch" variable change with the change of "PLC second switch";



4. Program in the PLC program block to make the "PLC second switch" reverse every 0.5 seconds, and then use the TON delay command to make the "man-machine response switch" output man-machine communication failure if there is no action within 1 second, because the "man-machine response switch" will no longer change after the man-machine communication is abnormal. In fact, the communication between any touch screen and PLC in the market is nothing more than to confirm four problems:



1. Whether PLC parameters are consistent with those in the project



2. Whether the communication line is wired according to the pin of the wiring diagram



3. Whether the COM port set in the project is connected correctly on the screen



4. If the parameters and lines are OK, check whether it is the PLC program or the PLC address.





method:



Judge parameters first:



1. Use the PLC programming software to connect the PLC to test to see how many PLC parameters are and whether the parameters set in the project are consistent with those tested.